As speculation is currently circulating that the
Prime Minister is poised to announce a general election, I thought I would outline the procedure of how such an election would take place. Apologies for my UK readers, but as my blog has a global audience I also need to give some background information and define terminology.
Political Background:The
UK Westminster Parliament has 646 elected members, known as Members of Parliament (
MPs), who sit in the
House of Commons. There is a second chamber at the Westminster Parliament called the
House of Lords, but it's not really relevant to this article. Each MP represents a different geographical area of the UK known as a constituency. Each of the constituencies has a similar number of voters - about 70,000. Most
MPs are affiliated to a political party, although independent
MPs can and have been elected. The main political parties in the UK are
Labour,
Conservative and the
Liberal Democrats. The political party with the greatest number of
MPs forms Her Majesty's Government
. The leader of this party becomes the Prime Minister, who chooses a
Cabinet of senior
MPs to oversee particular government departments and responsibilities. The party with the second highest number of
MPs forms Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition.
General Elections:A general election is the process whereby
MPs are elected to their constituencies. By default, this also means a general election determines which party will form Her Majesty's Government and which parties will be in opposition. An election must be held at least every 5 years, before the beginning of a new parliamentary term. The election is normally, although not always, at a time of choosing by the Prime Minister. It is therefore shrewd practice for the Prime Minister to call a general election at a time when their Government is popular, in order that the
MPs of their political party are re-elected.
Timetable:An election is initiated when the Prime Minister asks to Monarch to dissolve Parliament by Royal Proclamation. The election timetable is governed by the Representation of the People Act 1983, which imposes the requirement that the election is held 17 working days after the date of the Proclamation. In reality the Government has to prepare for the election well in advance of the 17 day timetable, which is
preceded by a six week period of 'purdah'. In this lead-up period the Government is not permitted communicate with members of the public about any new or controversial initiatives. The total lead-up to the election is therefore usually 6 weeks plus 17 days.
Every general election since 1935 has been held on a Thursday and most are held in the springtime.
The Vote:As a general rule anyone over the age of 18 years who is a UK, Republic of Ireland or Commonwealth citizen and is included in the electoral register is eligible to vote in the election. Certain people are barred from voting - these include anyone who is imprisoned, members of the House of Lords, those who are mentally incapable, any undischarged bankrupt and anyone convicted of electoral fraud offences within the previous 5 years.
People cast their vote at a polling station within their constituency. Polling stations are usually open between the hours of 7 am and 10 pm on polling day. An increasing number of people are choosing to vote by post. Whichever method is chosen the voter only gets to select one candidate.
The Count:At the end of polling the ballot boxes are sealed and sent to local counting centres, where an army of volunteers count the votes. The volunteers are chosen for their honesty, numeracy and ability to handle large amounts of paper - people like bank and local authority workers. Postal votes, which have thus far remained in their sealed envelopes, are also opened and counted. The ballot papers are sorted into equal sized bundles and stacked according to candidate.
The Result:UK general elections operate on a 'first past the post' basis. This means the candidate with the most votes wins the election and becomes MP for the constituency in which they stood. In the event of a tiebreak the election result is decided by the toss of a coin.
If the Government retains the most number of
MPs in the House of Commons they carry on work as normal. If the Government loses their status as major party
the Prime Minister tenders his resignation to the Monarch, who then appoints a replacement from the new largest party.